Complex Sentence Using Subordinating Conjunction

Mastering Complex Sentences: A Deep Dive into Subordinating Conjunctions

Understanding complex sentences is crucial for effective communication, both in written and spoken English. This comprehensive guide will explore the fascinating world of complex sentences, focusing specifically on the role of subordinating conjunctions in creating these sophisticated sentence structures. We'll delve into definitions, examples, different types of subordinating conjunctions, and advanced techniques to elevate your writing and speaking skills. By the end, you'll be confidently crafting complex sentences that are clear, impactful, and grammatically sound.

What is a Complex Sentence?

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, while a dependent clause cannot. The dependent clause relies on the independent clause for its meaning and is often introduced by a subordinating conjunction. Think of it like this: the independent clause is the main idea, and the dependent clause provides additional, supporting information.

The Role of Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions are the glue that connects the independent and dependent clauses in a complex sentence. They show the relationship between the clauses, indicating things like cause and effect, time, contrast, or condition. Without these conjunctions, the sentence would be grammatically incomplete or the relationship between the clauses would be unclear.

Types of Subordinating Conjunctions and Their Functions

Subordinating conjunctions are incredibly versatile, and understanding their various functions is key to mastering complex sentences. Here's a breakdown of common types:

1. Time: These conjunctions indicate when an action or event occurs in relation to another.

• Examples: after, before, since, until, when, while, as soon as, once.

  • After the rain stopped, we went for a walk. (Dependent clause: After the rain stopped)
  • We'll leave as soon as the movie ends. (Dependent clause: as soon as the movie ends)
  • She sang while she worked. (Dependent clause: while she worked)

2. Place: These conjunctions indicate where an action or event takes place.

• Examples: where, wherever.

  • We went wherever the trail led us. (Dependent clause: wherever the trail led us)
  • Build your house where the sun shines brightest. (Dependent clause: where the sun shines brightest)

3. Cause and Effect: These conjunctions show the reason or consequence of an action or event.

• Examples: because, since, so that, as.

  • Because it was raining, we stayed inside. (Dependent clause: Because it was raining)
  • She studied hard so that she could pass the exam. (Dependent clause: so that she could pass the exam)
  • As the sun set, the temperature dropped dramatically. (Dependent clause: As the sun set)

4. Condition: These conjunctions indicate the circumstances under which something will happen.

• Examples: if, unless, provided that, in case.

  • If it snows, we'll build a snowman. (Dependent clause: If it snows)
  • We'll go to the beach unless it rains. (Dependent clause: unless it rains)
  • You can borrow my car provided that you return it on time. (Dependent clause: provided that you return it on time)

5. Contrast or Concession: These conjunctions show a contrast or exception to the main clause.

• Examples: although, though, even though, while, whereas.

  • Although he was tired, he finished the race. (Dependent clause: Although he was tired)
  • While I agree with you on some points, I disagree with others. (Dependent clause: While I agree with you on some points)
  • She passed the exam, whereas her brother failed. (Dependent clause: whereas her brother failed)

6. Purpose: These conjunctions indicate the reason for an action.

• Examples: in order that, so that.

  • He studied diligently in order that he might succeed. (Dependent clause: in order that he might succeed)
  • I saved my money so that I could buy a new computer. (Dependent clause: so that I could buy a new computer)

7. Manner: These conjunctions describe how something is done.

• Examples: as if, as though.

  • He acted as if he didn't care. (Dependent clause: as if he didn't care)
  • She spoke as though she knew everything. (Dependent clause: as though she knew everything)

Constructing Complex Sentences: Practical Examples

Let's look at some more complex examples to solidify our understanding. Notice how the subordinating conjunctions create a clear and logical flow between the clauses:

• Example 1 (Cause and Effect): Because the weather was unexpectedly beautiful, we decided to have a picnic in the park, and we thoroughly enjoyed ourselves.

• Example 2 (Time and Contrast): Although it was late, we continued working until we finished the project, because we wanted to meet the deadline.

• Example 3 (Condition and Purpose): If you want to improve your writing skills, you should practice regularly and read widely, so that you can expand your vocabulary and understand sentence structure better.

• Example 4 (Concession and Time): Even though I felt nervous before the presentation, once I started speaking, my nervousness faded, and I delivered a successful speech.

• Example 5 (Place and Manner): Where the river bends sharply, the water flows swiftly, almost as if it's rushing to its destination.

Avoiding Common Mistakes

When using subordinating conjunctions, be mindful of the following:

• Comma Usage: Typically, a comma separates the dependent clause from the independent clause when the dependent clause comes before the independent clause. If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, a comma is usually not needed (unless a further pause is required).

• Run-on Sentences: Avoid creating run-on sentences by ensuring each clause has its own complete subject and verb.

• Subject-Verb Agreement: Maintain subject-verb agreement within both the dependent and independent clauses.

Advanced Techniques: Combining Multiple Clauses

You can create even more sophisticated sentences by combining multiple dependent and independent clauses. This requires careful planning and precise use of conjunctions to maintain clarity and avoid ambiguity. For example:

• Because the weather was stormy, and because the roads were flooded, we decided to postpone our trip until next week, even though we were disappointed.

This sentence contains three dependent clauses and one independent clause, all logically connected to convey a complete thought.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What's the difference between a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction?

A: Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent and independent clauses, showing the relationship between them. Coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, but, or) connect clauses of equal grammatical rank (either two independent clauses or two dependent clauses).

Q: Can I use more than one subordinating conjunction in a sentence?

A: Yes, but be cautious. Overuse can lead to overly complex and confusing sentences. Prioritize clarity and logical flow.

Q: How can I improve my use of complex sentences?

A: Practice! Read widely to see how authors use complex sentences effectively. Start with simpler constructions and gradually work your way up to more complex ones. Pay attention to punctuation and grammar.

Conclusion: Mastering the Art of Complex Sentences

Mastering complex sentences using subordinating conjunctions significantly enhances your writing and speaking abilities. By understanding the different types of conjunctions and their functions, and by practicing constructing well-structured sentences, you can create sophisticated and nuanced expressions that clearly convey your message. Remember to prioritize clarity and avoid unnecessary complexity. With diligent practice, you'll become proficient in using complex sentences to communicate your ideas effectively and powerfully.